demand that they be non partisan. With resources whose sources no one was aware of traditional leaders were assigned people who worked with them whose main task was to ensure that the traditional leaders would not communicate with Mliswa who was presented as an outcast. The convening of Zanu PF meetings unleashed violations on the villagers in Hurungwe West as security agents, the Zanu PF youth militia descended on the constituency. Most people including school children lived in fear as most of the activities including meetings and the public assault of opponents happened in schools. The campaign meetings by the two vice Presidents left trails of victims of violence and thousands more who just feared being suspected of belonging to the wrong camp. Threats of deaths against Mliswa’s supporters were also issued. On 9 May two central intelligence agent officers were deployed at Mashuma Primary School where they demanded accommodation from the head of Mashuma. They indicated that they would be monitoring the area. On 14 May Chief Nyamhunga summoned all village heads and ordered them to ensure villagers attend a Zanu PF meeting at Nyamhunga Secondary School that was addressed by Vice President Phelekezela Mphoko on 15 May 2015. Villagers who live near the venue are reported to have had sleepless nights as people suspected to be members of security agents manned the area. This brought terror to the villagers as they had experienced some villagers and village heads being assaulted by Chiyangwa and Zanu PF youths in April for their allegiance to Mliswa. Four people were assaulted at Sengwe Township on the same day for failing to attend the meeting addressed by Vice President Mphoko. They included two shop owners who were accused of not closing their shops and two beer drinking patrons who were beaten up for drinking instead of attending the meeting. They were assaulted by Zanu PF youths believed to be from Zvimba. They forced one of the victims into their vehicle and he was reported missing for some time. Masvingo Masvingo is one of the provinces that have lost the largest number of seating Members of Parliament (MPs) due to the factional purges that are currently taking place in Zanu-PF. The Chiredzi area has suffered the greatest after four MPs were demoted, suspended and others expelled from the party. The suspensions range from three to ten years while Colonel Calisto Gwanetsa former Provincial Chairperson was expelled for being the face and front man for the gamatox. Others in the same category are former Energy Minister Dzikamai Mavhaire. In a case of factional fighting, MP for Masvingo North, Honourable Davies Marapira on 10 May 2015 initiated the establishment of committees comprising seven members at village level who are supposed to monitor the movements and programs of the ‘gamatox’ group. The committees are led by war veterans only known as Muvhango, Muguti and Chipono. It is significant to note that the initiative to monitor the gamatox is also underway in Chiredzi where it is led by former Masvingo Provincial Governor Titus Maluleke. Manicaland The province has seen an increase in the number of recorded human rights abuses as the province prepared for two by elections in Headlands and Dangamvura-Chikanga constituencies. It has also witnessed pro-poor programmes initiated by the ruling party in an effort to spruce up the image of its candidates Christopher Chingosho for Headlands and Esau Mupfumi in Dangamvura-Chikanga. On 2 May 2015, a National Constitutional Assembly party (NCA) activist was physically assaulted by Zanu PF youths at Beit Hall in Dangamvura while attending his party programme. Most of the youths who assaulted the victim are not residents of Dangamvura-Chikanga and could have been transported from another constituency. 5

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