to pay monthly rentals of US$40 each for houses in such a deplorable state. No new workers’ houses have been built post-independence. The company has also failed to pay workers their salaries for more than 24 months. The gendered impacts of the colliery mining operations are manifested in the challenges faced by women from within the colliery. Amongst the Colliery’s employees are women who have to bear the brunt of not only working under very harsh conditions but conditions which are also not feminine friendly. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is not adequate. Those working in dusty environments are not provided with respirators. Most of the women are single mothers. Just like their male counterparts the women have not been receiving their salaries since November 2013. They are finding it difficult to put food on the table and more send their children to school. They are even struggling to buy sanitary products. Such circumstances violate the Right to Food; the Right to Education; and again Right to Health care as espoused in Chapter Four of the Constitution. Spouses of the Colliery’s male employees have not been spared from this dire situation. The women have been forced to demonstrate against the Colliery Company on behalf of their husbands who are not at liberty to take industrial action against the company due to intimidation from state security agents in and around the colliery. Some women have resorted to engaging in promiscuous relationships which have resulted in families breaking up. The mining related conflicts are evident in the relationship between Hwange Colliery and the Hwange Local Board. The Hwange Local Board wants to extend its administrative jurisdiction over Hwange Town but the Colliery Company is resisting such a move and wants to maintain control over the town which falls under its estates department and generates income for the company by way of property rentals. Concerns have been raised over the composition of the Hwange Colliery Board. None of the current Board members are from Hwange or from within the region. The Board members are not connected to the local communities and chances of the communities’ concerns not being given due attention are high. The scenario of multiple authorities in Hwange, that is, Hwange Colliery Company, Hwange Rural District Council and Hwange Local Board, is stifling development of the area for the betterment of its community as the three parties have different and competing priorities. Hwange town is a company town and residents have no say on how it is managed and how it should be developed. Political interference in the management of Hwange Colliery Company and its resources cannot be ruled out otherwise how does one explain a situation where the management troops to a political party fund raising dinner when its workers are not being paid their salaries. The management appear to have been cowed to attend the event. Such a scenario would be expected given that the Board and the managing director are more of political appointees than professionals. 30

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